{"id":3121,"date":"2025-05-09T09:00:00","date_gmt":"2025-05-09T07:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.mdconseil-formation.com\/actualites\/non-classe\/les-atmospheres-explosives-un-sujet-parfois-mal-connu\/"},"modified":"2026-05-21T12:35:07","modified_gmt":"2026-05-21T10:35:07","slug":"les-atmospheres-explosives-un-sujet-parfois-mal-connu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.mdconseil-formation.com\/en_us\/actualites\/risque-industriel\/les-atmospheres-explosives-un-sujet-parfois-mal-connu\/","title":{"rendered":"Explosive atmospheres, a subject sometimes poorly understood"},"content":{"rendered":"

Qu’est-ce qu’une atmosph\u00e8re explosive ?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

A explosive atmosphere<\/strong>, Or ATEX<\/strong>, d\u00e9signe un m\u00e9lange de substances inflammables (gaz, vapeurs, brouillards ou poussi\u00e8res) avec l’air, dans des conditions atmosph\u00e9riques normales, qui peut s’enflammer en pr\u00e9sence d’une source d’ignition.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A simple electrical switch, a spark, or a hot surface can be enough to trigger an explosion if these substances are present in critical quantities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Atmosph\u00e8re<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

A real\u2026 and frequent danger<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

ATEX events can occur in many industrial and construction environments. Here are some concrete examples<\/strong> :<\/p>\n\n\n\n

  • Grain silo<\/strong> : En 2020, une explosion a souffl\u00e9 un silo agricole en Allemagne, provoqu\u00e9e par l’accumulation de poussi\u00e8re de c\u00e9r\u00e9ales inflammables.<\/li>
  • Gas station<\/strong> : Une intervention de maintenance mal pr\u00e9par\u00e9e a caus\u00e9 une explosion \u00e0 la suite d’un d\u00e9gazage insuffisant.<\/li>
  • Automotive paint shop<\/strong> : Un \u00e9clairage non certifi\u00e9 ATEX a g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 une \u00e9tincelle, provoquant l’embrasement de vapeurs de solvants.<\/li>
  • Shipyard<\/strong> : Des travaux de soudage r\u00e9alis\u00e9s dans une cuve mal d\u00e9gaz\u00e9e ont entra\u00een\u00e9 une explosion de vapeurs d’hydrocarbures.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n
    \"Logo<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

    The European regulatory framework: the ATEX directives<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

    Plusieurs directives encadrent les ATEX dans l’UE :<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    1. Social guidelines for employers<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    – Directive 89\/391\/CEE<\/strong> Mise en \u0153uvre de mesures visant \u00e0 promouvoir l’am\u00e9lioration de la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 et de la sant\u00e9 des travailleurs (notamment les neufs principes g\u00e9n\u00e9raux de pr\u00e9vention).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    – Directive 1999\/92\/CE<\/strong> Applicable depuis juillet 2006 \u00ab protection en mati\u00e8re de sant\u00e9 et de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 des travailleurs susceptibles d’\u00eatre expos\u00e9s au risque d’atmosph\u00e8re explosive \u00bb<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    • Classification, ATEX zoning and signage<\/li>
    • drafting of the DRPCE<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n

      Following this directive, two decrees were published, dated July 8, 2003<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

      These decrees concern in particular:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      • The definition of locations where ATEX zones can form.<\/li>
      • Les prescriptions minimales visant \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer la SS des travailleurs expos\u00e9s risques d’explosions.<\/li>
      • Selection criteria for devices and protection systems used in locations where ATEX may occur.<\/li>
      • The sign indicating dangerous locations.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n

        A decree dated July 28, 2003<\/strong> fixe les conditions d’installation des mat\u00e9riels \u00e9lectriques dans les emplacements o\u00f9 des ATEX peuvent se former.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        2. Technical guidelines for manufacturers and distributors of ATEX equipment<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

        – Directive 94\/9\/CE ATEX 95<\/strong> Harmonization of Member State legislation for protective equipment and systems intended for use in ATEX environments<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        – Directive 2014\/34\/UE<\/strong> Declaration of conformity and EU type certification instead of CE<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        ATEX zone classification<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

        Here is a reminder of the zones, with real-world examples:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Medium<\/th>Area<\/th>Risk<\/th>Example<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
        Gas<\/td>Zone 0<\/td>Continuous presence<\/td>L’int\u00e9rieur d’un r\u00e9servoir de carburant<\/td><\/tr>
        <\/td>Zone 1<\/td>Probable presence<\/td>Area around the pressure relief valves<\/td><\/tr>
        <\/td>Zone 2<\/td>Accidental presence<\/td>Poorly ventilated underground parking garage<\/td><\/tr>
        Dust<\/td>Zone 20<\/td>Permanent presence<\/td>Int\u00e9rieur d’un silo \u00e0 farine<\/td><\/tr>
        <\/td>Zone 21<\/td>Probable presence<\/td>Pneumatic sawdust conveying system<\/td><\/tr>
        <\/td>Zone 22<\/td>Occasional attendance<\/td>Local technique d’atelier de pon\u00e7age<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

        Les bases scientifiques : l’hexagone de l’ATEX<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
        \"L'hexagone<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

        L’explosion n’est possible que si 6 \u00e9l\u00e9ments sont r\u00e9unis en m\u00eame temps:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        1. A fuel<\/strong> wood, paper, aluminum, flammable chemicals, gasoline, etc.<\/li>
        2. The fuel must be in suspension<\/strong> dans l’air. Ex. : gaz inflammable, poussi\u00e8re de bois, ouate, farine, m\u00e9thane, vapeur de produit chimique inflammable ou d’essence au dessus de la temp\u00e9rature de point \u00e9clair)<\/li>
        3. An oxidizer<\/strong> (g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement l’oxyg\u00e8ne)<\/li>
        4. Une source d’inflammation<\/strong> (e.g., non-ATEX tool, electric arc, spark, flame, etc.)<\/li>
        5. A confined environment<\/strong> ensuring poor evacuation of suspended fuel (e.g., underground gallery, cistern, deep trench, unventilated room, etc.)<\/li>
        6. Le domaine d’explosivit\u00e9<\/strong> : A air-fuel mixture<\/strong> n’est explosif que s’il se trouve entre deux seuils<\/strong> : Limite inf\u00e9rieure d’explosivit\u00e9 (LIE)<\/strong> : minimum fuel concentration below which<\/strong> The mixture is too lean to explode. Limite sup\u00e9rieure d’explosivit\u00e9 (LSE)<\/strong> maximum concentration beyond which<\/strong> le m\u00e9lange est trop riche pour exploser (manque d’oxyg\u00e8ne).<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n

          Between the LIE and the LSE<\/strong>, the mixture is explosive<\/strong> : c’est ce qu’on appelle le domaine d’explosivit\u00e9<\/strong>. Les poussi\u00e8res n’ont pas de LIE\/LSE exprim\u00e9es en %, mais un minimum concentration threshold in g\/m\u00b3<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Example<\/strong> On a renovation site, an uncertified industrial vacuum cleaner caused a discharge in a cloud of plaster dust, triggering an explosion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Focus on the construction sector<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

          Solvent or resin vapors<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

          Sources<\/strong> : paint, glues, epoxy resins, bitumen, waterproofing agents.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Examples of situations<\/strong> :<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          • Application of resin in a cellar or poorly ventilated room.<\/li>
          • Cleaning with solvents in tanks or cisterns.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n

            Risk<\/strong> : formation d’un nuage explosif dans l’air \u2192 explosion en pr\u00e9sence d’une lampe halog\u00e8ne, d’un outil \u00e9lectrique, ou m\u00eame d’une \u00e9tincelle statique.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            Hot work in confined spaces<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

            Sources<\/strong> : welding, grinding, thermal cutting.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            Examples<\/strong> :<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            • Repair of pipelines or tanks containing residual hydrocarbons.<\/li>
            • Demolition of structures that contained flammable products.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n

              Risk<\/strong> : ignition of residual vapors or dust.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              Suspended combustible dust<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

              Sources<\/strong> : wood, plaster, cement, flour, granules.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              Examples<\/strong> :<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              • Sanding or sawing materials indoors.<\/li>
              • Cleaning of silos or technical ducts.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                Risk<\/strong> : poussi\u00e8re en suspension + source d’ignition = explosion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                Presence of gas or vapors in the soil or buried networks<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

                Sources<\/strong> : old gas pipelines, polluted groundwater, industrial leaks.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                Examples<\/strong> :<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                • Earthworks in an industrial area.<\/li>
                • Trenching near gas networks.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                  Risk<\/strong> : explosion due to accidental ignition (power tool, flame, damaged cable).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  Prevention and protection methods used in the construction industry<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
                  • ATEX assessment in the prevention plan \/ PPSPS<\/strong> : Identification of risk areas. Planning of risk interventions.<\/li>
                  • Effective ventilation<\/strong> : Ventilation naturelle ou assist\u00e9e (soufflante). Maintenir les concentrations de vapeurs < LIE (limite inf\u00e9rieure d’explosivit\u00e9).<\/li>
                  • Surveillance de l’atmosph\u00e8re<\/strong> Portable or fixed gas detectors. Continuous detection in confined areas.<\/li>
                  • Use of ATEX certified equipment<\/strong> Vacuum cleaners, lighting, power tools. Equipment marked ATEX zone 1, 2, 21, 22 as appropriate.<\/li>
                  • Degassing and preliminary cleaning<\/strong> : Obligation de neutraliser toute atmosph\u00e8re inflammable avant travaux (ex : rin\u00e7age, purge, inertage \u00e0 l’azote).<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                    Real case<\/strong> : En 2018, dans une usine d\u00e9saffect\u00e9e transform\u00e9e en logements, des ouvriers ont \u00e9t\u00e9 gravement br\u00fbl\u00e9s suite \u00e0 l’inflammation de vapeurs d’hydrocarbures r\u00e9siduels.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                    ATEX risk prevention and protection measures<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

                    Emp\u00eacher la formation d’une atmosph\u00e8re explosive<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

                    Pour cela, il faut agir sur les produits et les proc\u00e9d\u00e9s qui peuvent \u00eatre \u00e0 l’origine de la formation d’une ATEX.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                    Taking action on fuels<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
                    • replace the combustible product with another non-combustible or less combustible one.,<\/li>
                    • increase the particle size (go from powder to granules),<\/li>
                    • adding inert solids to combustible dust,<\/li>
                    • to control the process parameters (temperature, pressure, etc.) according to the physicochemical characteristics of the products,<\/li>
                    • maintenir la concentration du combustible hors de son domaine d’explosivit\u00e9 (captage \u00e0 la source des vapeurs ou des poussi\u00e8res, dilution, nettoyage r\u00e9gulier par aspiration des couches de poussi\u00e8res d\u00e9pos\u00e9es…).<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                      Acting on the oxidizer<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

                      La principale mesure consiste \u00e0 introduire un gaz inerte (azote, argon\u2026) en proportions suffisantes dans une atmosph\u00e8re charg\u00e9e de substances combustibles entrainant l’appauvrissement de celle-ci en oxyg\u00e8ne et rendant donc l’inflammation impossible. Attention toutefois au risque d’hypoxie (diminution de l’apport d’oxyg\u00e8ne dans les tissus de l’organisme) en cas de pr\u00e9sence d’un salari\u00e9 dans la zone concern\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                      \u00c9viter les sources d’inflammation<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

                      Cette action de pr\u00e9vention s’attache en premier lieu \u00e0 mettre hors de la zone ATEX le mat\u00e9riel qui n’a pas n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 de s’y trouver. Il faut ensuite \u00e9liminer l’ensemble des sources d’inflammation potentielles notamment les flammes et feux nus, les surfaces chaudes, les \u00e9tincelles d’origines m\u00e9canique, \u00e9lectrique ou \u00e9lectrostatique, les \u00e9chauffements dus aux frottements m\u00e9caniques, aux appareils \u00e9lectriques ou aux moteurs thermiques Pour ce faire, diff\u00e9rentes mesures peuvent \u00eatre mises en \u0153uvre.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                      Acting on the processes<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

                      Il s’agit notamment de la mise en place de :<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                      • mises en s\u00e9curit\u00e9 suite au d\u00e9passement des seuils d\u00e9finis pour certains param\u00e8tres de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 (temp\u00e9rature, pression, taux d’oxyg\u00e8ne\u2026),<\/li>
                      • cooling systems to control, for example, a chemical reaction or heating due to gas compression,<\/li>
                      • magnetic, gravity separators (wedge boxes) to remove elements that could cause sparks or carry hot surfaces in ventilation systems.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                        Perform checks<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

                        Il s’agit notamment de v\u00e9rifier que certains param\u00e8tres ne d\u00e9passent les seuils au-del\u00e0 desquels l’inflammation est effective. Pour cela, diff\u00e9rents syst\u00e8mes de d\u00e9tection existent :<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        • d\u00e9tecteurs d’\u00e9l\u00e9vation de temp\u00e9rature, de pression\u2026<\/li>
                        • Infrared thermography (detection of hot spots on electrical networks),<\/li>
                        • d\u00e9tecteurs de monoxyde de carbone (d\u00e9tection d’un d\u00e9but de fermentation avec d\u00e9gagement de chaleur),<\/li>
                        • conveyor belt speed control systems, jamming, rotation control (limiting friction, heating and electrostatic charges generated during the operation of this equipment).<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n
                          \"Surveillance<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

                          Act on the devices<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
                          • suitability of the equipment for the ATEX zone.,<\/li>
                          • outillage mobile ne provoquant pas d’\u00e9tincelle,<\/li>
                          • \u00e9quipotentialit\u00e9 et mise \u00e0 la terre de l’ensemble de l’installation,<\/li>
                          • The electrical installation is correctly sized and regularly checked.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                            Implement organizational measures<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
                            • mode op\u00e9ratoire d’ex\u00e9cution des t\u00e2ches,<\/li>
                            • permis de feu pour l’ensemble des travaux par points chauds,<\/li>
                            • autorisation de travail ou bon d’intervention pour toute op\u00e9ration en zone ATEX,<\/li>
                            • limitation of the number of workers entering an ATEX zone,<\/li>
                            • concertation avec les entreprises ext\u00e9rieures et gestion de la coactivit\u00e9 (plan de pr\u00e9vention, pr\u00e9sence d’un r\u00e9f\u00e9rent pour les entreprises ext\u00e9rieures),<\/li>
                            • mise en place de \u00ab zones fumeurs \u00bb pour faire respecter l’interdiction de fumer aux endroits o\u00f9 des ATEX peuvent survenir,<\/li>
                            • port de v\u00eatements de travail appropri\u00e9s faits de mat\u00e9riaux facilitant l’\u00e9coulement des charges \u00e9lectrostatiques, nettoyage r\u00e9gulier par aspiration pour les poussi\u00e8res,<\/li>
                            • employee training.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                              Toutes les mesures prises doivent l’\u00eatre de mani\u00e8re r\u00e9aliste et rigoureuse, afin d’apporter des solutions de pr\u00e9vention efficaces et adapt\u00e9es.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                              \"Mesures<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

                              Limiter les effets d’une explosion<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

                              La ma\u00eetrise des sources d’inflammation \u00e9tant difficile \u00e0 mettre totalement en \u0153uvre, dans le cas o\u00f9 la formation de l’atmosph\u00e8re explosive n’a pu \u00eatre \u00e9vit\u00e9e, il convient d’adopter des mesures de protection permettant d’att\u00e9nuer les effets n\u00e9fastes d’une explosion. Les actions \u00e0 entreprendre sont sp\u00e9cifiques \u00e0 chaque situation de travail, proc\u00e9d\u00e9 ou installation :<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                              • actions sur le confinement (\u00e9vents d’explosion),<\/li>
                              • extincteurs d\u00e9clench\u00e9s (suppresseurs d’explosion),<\/li>
                              • appareils r\u00e9sistant \u00e0 la surpression d’explosion,<\/li>
                              • syst\u00e8mes de d\u00e9couplage technique (syst\u00e8me qui emp\u00eache une explosion de se propager au reste de l’installation : arr\u00eate-flammes, \u00e9cluses rotatives, vannes \u00e0 fermeture rapide, vannes \u00ab Ventex \u00bb, extincteurs d\u00e9clench\u00e9s, d\u00e9viateur d’explosion, chemin\u00e9e de d\u00e9gagement\u2026),<\/li>
                              • actions sur la configuration et la conception des locaux : compartimentage, r\u00e9sistance des mat\u00e9riaux (verre, toiture en mat\u00e9riaux fragiles…), conception et construction des locaux (choix de mat\u00e9riaux adapt\u00e9s et r\u00e9sistants au feu, locaux r\u00e9sistant \u00e0 l’effondrement \u00e9ventuel de l’\u00e9difice), regroupement du personnel \u00e0 des emplacements d\u00e9di\u00e9s afin qu’il ne soit pas victime de la chute d’\u00e9l\u00e9ments de structure.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                                De tels moyens techniques (\u00e9vents, syst\u00e8mes de d\u00e9couplage technique\u2026) sont des syst\u00e8mes de protection contre l’explosion au titre de la r\u00e9glementation ATEX et doivent donc \u00eatre reconnus et certifi\u00e9s conformes \u00e0 celle-ci.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                \"\u00c9vent<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

                                Risk culture: the key to security<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
                                • Strong commitment from Management<\/strong> on this subject<\/li>
                                • Mandatory training adapted<\/strong> for all operators in ATEX zones.<\/li>
                                • Prevention plans and work permits in ATEX zones<\/strong> written in collaboration with external companies.<\/li>
                                • Clear signage<\/strong> premises and machinery and compliance with procedures.<\/li>
                                • Regular safety drills<\/strong>.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                                  Example<\/strong> : Dans une entreprise de traitement de d\u00e9chets, la sensibilisation des op\u00e9rateurs \u00e0 la manipulation de solvants a permis d’\u00e9viter plusieurs incidents majeurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                  Les atmosph\u00e8res explosives sont invisibles mais dangereuses. Gr\u00e2ce aux directives europ\u00e9ennes, aux \u00e9quipements certifi\u00e9s et \u00e0 la formation ad\u00e9quate du personnel, il est possible de ma\u00eetriser ce risque. Dans le BTP comme ailleurs, la pr\u00e9vention passe par l’analyse, la rigueur et l’anticipation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                  Chez MD conseil formation, nous vous proposons plusieurs formations et prestations adapt\u00e9es \u00e0 vos besoins sur le theme de l’ ATEX<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                                  Qu’est-ce qu’une atmosph\u00e8re explosive ? Une atmosph\u00e8re explosive, ou ATEX, d\u00e9signe un m\u00e9lange de substances inflammables (gaz, vapeurs, brouillards ou […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":3115,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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